REVIEW: Revelations of Christ by Swami Kriyanada "Revelations of Christ" by Swami Kriyanada (I'll call him by his title, "Swami," for short) is a book I find difficult to review, but I have been motivated to attempt a review because the book is important as a modern spiritual landmark. The author is an heir of the Kriya Yoga tradition, and an influential founder of colonies and prolific author, and this major work is almost certainly going to become a spiritual classic in its own right. Christians need to be able to interact with it, since the subject matter is no less than a reformation of the Christian message along the lines of Yogic philosophy. Several facts make the book difficult to review. The book itself is lengthy, and requires chapter summaries instead of a complete page-by-page review. The book is part of an ongoing dialogue in the Kriya Yoga community, and presupposes the reader is familiar with the traditions and doctrines in those circles. To fully explain this spiritual tradition, itself a branch of larger Yoga philosophy, would require a lengthy book. The author has a style that is prone to wandering, and he does not often present a linear argument that can easily be discussed. Often, he presents no argument at all, which frustrates my attempt at a review. Swami Kriyanada is one of the few direct disciples of Paramahansa Yoganada (I will call him P.Y. for short; this abbreviation is commonplace in Kriya Yoga circles) still alive, and is somewhere around eighty years of age. In the last decade or so, Swami has been remarkably productive, creating two massive books ("Revelations" and a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and numerous articles, music albums, and other books. His works are published by Crystal Clarity, his own publishing imprint, which is best known as the publisher of the original, unaltered "Autobiography of a Yogi". (The story of the textual changes to this spiritual classic by its original publisher, and the unusual lapse of copyright in this perennial bestseller, is a big enough subject for an article of its own.) If Crystal Clarity gets credit for nothing else, all the books I have seen from them have been exceptionally well typeset and easy to read. They are a joy on the eyes. Always, in his writing, Swami presents his own work as being based on the teachings of Paramahansa Yogananda, and takes no credit himself for contributing original material. Much of Yogananga's material has either remained unpublished by his own organization (Self-Realization Fellowship) or so heavily edited as to be unrecognizable. "Revelations" is Swami's attempt to bring to the general reading public the essence of Yogananda's teaching about Christianity. What this or any book doesn't quite capture is Swami's warm, conversational, anecdotal style that captivates audiences. He is an engaging speaker who weaves anecdotes about his time with Yogananda, spiritual observations, and Yoga teachings into monologues that can sometimes stretch out over an hour (with no loss of attention from his audience). Even if I don't agree with what he says, he's enjoyable to listen to. This style does make its way somewhat into his writing, where the style is easy and approachable. Sometimes, the ease of reading actually can allow the reader to breeze through deep spiritual points, so any chapter is worth reading several times to unlock the content. Chapter by chapter, the discussion can often drift from the main point as Swami meanders: This is a carry-over from his speaking style, and the way he organizes material. Swami deserves credit for not promoting this book as an attack on Christianity. When the book was released, the publishing world had discovered a cash cow in books explicitly attacking true Christianity from the liberal, social-gospel Christian left and the atheist left. Both non-fiction attacks on belief in God, and fictional attacks disguised as children's books, turned into gold for publishers as Christians read them in order to understand and refute them. Swami could have easily raised his profile and increased sales simply by promoting this book along those lines. I applaud the fact that he did not. He released this book on its own merits. Note that King James Bible fanatics will be relieved to note that Swami uses that translation, putting him on sound orthodox footing. (This may not be as encouraging as it sounds, however, as will be shown later, since Swami asserts even the King James Bible's underlying texts could be corrupt.) The beginning of the book starts off with the assertion that something has been lost of the true essence of Christianity by organized religion. Organizations are said to perpetuate their own existence, at the expense of Christian doctrines. I think any fundamentalist would go along with this, as the separatists have to continually separate from the large, organized churches which loose their foundations in true, Biblical Christianity. The departure will come, of course, in what either considers to be the true basis for Christianity. Swami asserts that this is an understanding of Yoga (or, the "perennial philosophy" of Huxley). He is following in the footsteps of P.Y.'s guru, Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri (whom I will call S.Y., again in accord with the practice in Kriya Yoga circles). A 1894 book by S.Y. called "The Holy Science" (a review of which I have been working on for years but have not finished) promotes the same basic concept. Chapter one: The key to the first chapter, and indeed the entire book, is Swami's assertion on p. 28 that he is a post-modernist. "Religious truths can indeed be tested and proved. The proof consists in the yardstick of experience." This is one of the most succinct and best definitions of postmodernism I've ever read: "The proof consists in the yardstick of experience." If you miss this point, you won't understand the book. Swami suggests "it would surely show meanness of spirit to deprecate other' efforts to rise spiritually, each according to his own capacity and beliefs" (p. 34) which underscores the post-modern views of the author. Nothing is true or authoritative, but everyone has opinions, and there is no way to make any value judgements among them. The book has a blizzard of weasel words on pp. 18-22. Swami says "the evidence of history shows" but doesn't cite any examples. (In this case, he is talking about enlightenment coming to individuals through personal merit, and William James' "Varieties of Religious Experience" is an extended study of man-made religious beliefs of this sort.) "Translations have appeared with theological dilutions" is certainly a point many fundamentalists would agree with, but Swami cites not a single concrete example as proof. "Administrative types are attracted to others of the same mentality: efficiency, executive, interested more in how to get things done than in why they need to be done in the first place. ... In religion, the administrative mentality tends toward efficiency...." He could easily have backed this up by looking at Rick Warren's "driven" church methods as an example par excellence. He tosses off the vacuous statement "everyone knows it is true" on p. 22 to cap this section, and this sort of assertion seems to be the limit of Swami's ability to persuade. His style of argument is little more than a tautology: I think I am right, so I must be right. Those who already agree that Swami is right will not have a problem with this tautological argument, but those of us who want to be persuaded will find his junior-high writing style to be frustrating. Weasel words explode again on p. 37, as Swami asserts "a quite unanticipated [by missionaries] corroboration of Christ's teachings in the teaching of Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita" and "the only essential difference between Christianity and, let us say, Buddhism lies in the names of their founders" but neither of these points is backed up with any proof at all. Either of these points could have been supported by evidence (Swami even wrote a book about parallel passages in the Bible and Gita!), but they are not. What missionaries? How can Christianity and Buddhism (which rely on radically different underlying assumptions about mankind) be the same? We don't know, because Swami never develops any of his points. This consistently frustrates me with the book. Maybe he's right, or maybe not; but we don't know because Swami never makes any sort of case to support what he says. What Swami needs is an editor who will challenge his weasel words and make him either back them up or get rid of them. The book drives me absolutely nuts as I keep bogging down in these weasel words. Swami never says anything specific or concrete. Nothing asserted is backed up. (Often, this is to the detriment of the book, since compelling evidence could easily be included most of the time.) There are no footnotes or attributions, even for quotes from his own line of masters. Fortunately for Christian readers, Swami asserts (also p. 37) that: "This book will be completely orthodox in its adherence to Christianity, but its orthodoxy will not always correspond to what is taught by Christian sects." I'm reassured, but the key weakness (as I hopefully will bring out in the rest of this review) is that Swami really doesn't know anything about any flavor of Christianity. I can find no definitions of what Christian orthodoxy is in this book. The attitude that what the author says is orthodox because the author believes it is a hallmark of a post-modern view. On p. 38 there is an insight: "one can never create a new truth" which reminds me of C.S. Lewis' assertion (in "Abolition of Man") that there are no new values. Chapter two: The term "sanaatan dharma" is introduced as the name from Kriya Yoga's truth. This term does not appear in the index of "Autobiography of a Yogi" (all my references are to the original 1946 version). It does appear in P.Y.'s foreword to Swami Sri Yukteswar's book "The Holy Science" (p. v) but it is not defined or expounded in any way. P.Y.'s book "The Science of Religion" does not use the term, but covers a lot of the same ground and is a good primer on the Kriya Yoga world view. During Swami's discussion, he demonstrates he knows nothing about Christianity's interpretation of Christ in the the Old Testament. On p. 53-54 Swami asks if God waited all those millennia before Christ's appearance, and asks if that was fair. But the prophecy of Christ as Savior in Genesis 3:15, given immediately after the fall, is not mentioned, nor is any of the symbolism or typology of Christ, nor are any of the pre-incarnate appearances of Christ. Also, Swami seems utterly unable to tell Roman Catholic beliefs apart from Christianity. He asks about "'true' Christian devotion to Mary or Jesus" (p. 55) and is consistent in how he mentions Francis of Assisi, Teresa of Avila, and others (eg Padre Pio, about whom I had never heard before seeing this book) as "Christians". This lack of understanding of the Christian faith seriously undermines Swami's credibility, because if he doesn't know the most basic distinctions between Biblical Christianity and Roman Catholic traditions and additions, how can people accept him as an authority on Christianity? For someone who is discussing errors in Christianity and trying to return it to its original form, Swami seems to be utterly ignorant of any Christian doctrines. (This same ignorance is also found in S.Y.'s "The Holy Science".) Covenant theology, blood redemption, subsitutionary atonement, TULIP, and other aspects of Christian theology are never mentioned. From reading the book, I do not think the Swami knows anything about Christianity, because he never mentions specifics and doesn't seem motivated to learn about current or historical Christianity. Considering the scope of the book, which is no less than returning Christianity to its true essence and ridding it of error, not being conversant in even "mere Christianity" (let alone different branches and sects, about which the Swami also seems shrouded in ignorance) certainly undermines the credibility of the author. Not even making a token attempt to understand basic Christian doctrine and then presenting oneself as an expert on what is wrong with Christianity is a recipe for getting oneself dismissed out of hand as a crank. That would be unfortunate, because any honest critique of Christianity from the outside is important, and I think this is an honest critique, since those who work in apologetics need to know what the outside world is saying. One of the book's true insights is tossed out on p. 51 without much fanfare, but is compelling: "The very fact that it takes considerable human intelligence even to demonstrate that the universe has no intelligence must itself be considered the undoing of that whole argument!" Swami is using a Cartesian argument here: By doubting that the universe has any purpose or design, the only way this argument can be advanced is to use intelligence to make it. "Christ's revelation was, above everything else, that God loves each one of us, His children" (p. 54) ignores everything Jesus personally said about Hell and judgment. I'm sure this is the message Swami, as well as many others, want to take away from the Bible. It's comforting to think that God loves every person, and every person is one of God's children, but to believe this, a lot of the Bible has to be ignored. Chapter three: Not much to this chapter, really, other than Swami outlines that true religion, to be counted as such, has to play by his rules. (Or, at least, he doesn't cite where he got his ideas if they are not original.) According to him, there are "three vital ingredients of true scripture" (on p. 58-59), which include a vibration of divine power, corroboration with life experiences, and corresponding with universal teachings declared by every great scripture in the world. (I am not quoting directly because he states these negatively as qualities a "certain well-known book" do not have.) So, the rest of the chapter is a discussion along the line that to play Swami's game, you have to play by his rules. If you do not accept his assumptions, you're not allowed into the game. On a personal note, one reason I am a Christian is that Reformed Protestant teachings correspond to my own life experiences much more closely than Hindu or Buddhist teachings. I find the core beliefs of other religions to be wildly unrealistic. And every great scripture is only in harmony when these scriptures are subjected to the same process of eisogesis and picking and choosing that is applied to the Bible though this book. Chapter four: To understand this chapter, the reader would have to have a strong background in Kriya Yoga, which has a line of masters stretching back to the (apparently mythological) Himalayan master Babaji who is said to periodically reincarnate or materialize on earth to promote Kriya Yoga when these teachings have been lost. Much of the background on Babaji is found in "Autobiography of a Yogi". The basic argument of this chapter is that Jesus Christ is another of these incarnations. Another aspect of Kriya Yoga the reader would have to already know before reading this chapter is the concept of "Christ Consciousness" which was, as far as I can tell, invented by P.Y. and his guru. Christ Consciousness is equated with the capital-s Self of Yoga, the universal consciousness which the separated consciousness in individual people strives to return. So Jesus is not the Son of God in the sense of being a person who is both God and Man, but a son of God who is one with the Christ Consciousness. The thrust of the chapter is to introduce this concept. The discussion is a long example of eisogesis, where proof texts are found to support what Swami wants to find in Christianity. Swami continually suggests that the Bible's text doesn't mean what it plainly means, but "conceals a deep teaching" (p. 80), "intended to convey the subtle message" and "a much deeper and richer meaning" (both p. 81) which is all code-language for eisogesis. The discussion never reaches a conclusion, and ends with plugs for other books. Notice that Swami says: "It was partially for this purpose that Paramhansa Yogananda was sent by his line of gurus and by God to the West. They commissioned him to 'bring back the original yoga teachings of Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita, and the original teachings of Jesus in the Bible." (p. 82) Besides being total eisogesis with no Biblical support, Swami ignores Galatians 1:6-9 (and indeed the book of Galatians does not appear in the scripture index at all). A point is raised but never developed that the Christian Church "perceived a need for resolving theological controversies in unanimous agreement" (p. 82) but then Swami never mentions what any of these councils and creeds are. (A good summary discussion can be found in R.C. Sproul's book "What is Reformed Theology?") Swami claims the gnostics (again, without citing any of their writings) say "that Jesus Christ's emphasis had been on seeking personal verification by direct, inner experience of God" which implies that every historic council which issued a creed to correct heresies was on the wrong side of the truth. (A far-fetched claim, especially without a single historical reference to any issue resolved by any council with an explanation of why the gnostics were correct.) Swami mentions gnosticism, but he seems to know little about it or what gnostics teach. He says: "The insights of a few Gnostics, however, must surely have been valid" (p. 87) and these are mere weasel words, since he never gives any examples of who these gnostics are, valid or invalid. He says: "Certain Gnostics" (p. 82) but never mentions any by name. Swami asserts: "Christians who sincerely wanted to understand the true message of Jesus Christ were drawn to Yogananda wherever he went." (p. 89) These weasel words are not backed up with any specific people. Several of Yogananda's inner circle were Mormons, including the current head of Self-Realization Fellowship, Daya Mata (Faye Wright) and her brother Richard (who appears in "Autobiography of a Yogi"). The discussion of the fall of man in "Autobiography" has strong Mormon parallels and I hope I can discuss it at some later time. Swami says: "A pressing need exists among Christians today for a fresh outlook on the holy mission and teachings of Jesus Christ" (p. 81) which goes to show how out of touch Swami is with current trends in Christianity, which have no shortage of novelty. Modern Christianity thrives on fresh outlooks, and this addiction to novelty is one of the most serious problems facing Christianity (as any glance at the topical sermons on sermonaudio.com will reveal). Chapter five: Swami loses whatever point he was going to make in this chapter quite early, and begins a discussion of the belief in reincarnation in Christianity. He argues that reincarnation was believed by Jesus, and some Jews in New Testament times, by a remarkable process of argument by speculation and begging the question: He asserts what he wants to prove, and then rambles through a process of speculation that the Bible texts were tampered with to remove all traces of what he wanted the texts to say. The thinking here is so muddled that I don't know how to review it. He also quotes a memory of P.Y. discussing John 4:3-4 and reading reincarnation into it, which is an example of pure eisogesis with no textual basis. (Certainly a novel example at that.) What I take away from this chapter is that Swami is not able to create a persuasive, coherent argument. The fifth chapter has another outbreak of weasel words. "Many Christians" (p. 99), "modern scholars" (p. 100-101), and "surveys have shown" (p. 106). What surveys? Which scholars and what books and articles did Swami read? Which Christians? He also claims "well-balanced people" (p. 96) want other people to be "someone who minds his own business" where religion is concerned, and says a fanatic is "intolerant of opinions that don't agree with his own". In Swami's post-modern world, there are only opinions, not truths. A fanatic is a fanatic for having wrong opinions, not for being too zealous for a truth. Chapter seven: This is the most breathtakingly muddled sequence of thought I have ever read. Swami is trying to create a straw man which he can knock over by appealing to P.Y.'s teachings. What trips him up is his almost complete ignorance of any Christian doctrines. He has not lifted a finger to study anything. He starts the chapter with trying to establish the Kingdom Of God as a pie-in-the-sky, by-and-by place (using his usual weasel words "most Christians" without citing any concrete example) "of heavenly beauty where souls go who have lived a good life" (p. 114) which betrays he knows nothing about the doctrine of salvation by grace. (Or, he is simply using the conventional wisdom view of Christians, without citing where he gets his information.) The straw man gets a little wet when he continues: "In heaven, they visualize themselves inhabiting bodies much like the ones they have now, enjoying beatific happiness forever" and "in the blessed company of angels" which, although he gives no citations, is pretty much what the Bible says. He's trying to paint an unrealistic picture of Christianity, but is so ignorant of Bible teachings he can't do it. He doesn't even seem aware of the "social gospel" teachings, and other offshoots of Christianity (like the Word of Faith movement), which claim the kingdom of God will be realized on earth, not in heaven. I don't think Swami knows what he is saying. The straw man gets soaked as Swami says: "Entry into heaven means above all, for most Christians [more weasel words!], that one is saved. And what is one saved from?" (p. 115) At this point, an answer to this question would be expected to come from the Bible, perhaps with the help of a theological book by a respected and trustworthy author as a guide. Instead, Swami engages in what can only be said to be complete nonsense. According to "them", the "most Christians" from the earlier weasel words, they are saved from "the terrors of eternal hell". There is absolutely no mention of God's justice or why anyone is sent to hell. Swami says this destiny is "in consequence of the Original Sin committed by Adam and Eve..." which shows by this naive explanation he has no idea what the Protestant doctrine of original sin actually is. The nonsense comes in a torrent: "The orthodox dogma - clearly specified by many churches - is that mankind is therefore naturally sinful, and doomed to hell." Weasel words aside (which churches and which parts of which creeds, catechisms, and confessions is he referring to?), this assertion is straight out of the Bible (the first three chapters of Romans are a good place to start), not something superimposed on Christianity by churches. "There is a 'but' here, however: We can be redeemed by special grace if we 'receive' Christ, who scarified his life for us on the cross. Christians are encourages to think of Jesus Christ, though the a penitential offering, as their 'personal Savior'" which manages to mix up Roman Catholic theology with an Arminian alter call. Swami then asks what "receiving Christ" could mean, and discusses four possibilities (p. 116-117: formal baptism/confirmation, a "single ardent act of self-offering before the altar in a church", "emotional or even intellectual acceptance", "a single emotional conversion"), all of which are speculation and none of which are even close. He could have spent a few moments and looked in Louis Berkhof's "Systematic Theology" and found p. 473's discussion of the efficient cause of regeneration, and seen three options, and read: "The only adequate view is that of the church of all ages, that the Holy Spirit is the efficient cause of regeneration. ... There is no co-operation of the sinner in this work whatsoever." Swami instead uses his post-modern outlook and says "I submit once more my own experience" as sufficient evidence. All this was to set up a straw man for him to engulf in flames, but by this time the straw is so wet the effect is nullified. "Paramhansa Yogananda stated that to 'receive' Christ means to receive Christ's presence consciously and inwardly, on a soul level, which is to say, in a deep state of ecstasy. Anything less that that is superficial and should not be taken seriously." (p. 118) What this actually means, I have no idea, and why this explanation, which has no Biblical basis at all, should be accepted, is not mentioned. The point is not developed. Swami next says "ask yourself this question" and goes on to ask: "Are most Christians notably different from other religionists around the world? An unbiased gaze forces the answer: No, by no means so they seem notably so." (p. 118) This is simply silly, and is not backed up with any evidence because there isn't any. He certainly doesn't mention Islamic suicide bombers or the Hindu caste system. On p. 121-122, Swami speculates that "people's understanding of religion is limited everywhere by the narrowness of their capacity for understanding" which he does not explain and I am not sure what it means. In the time of Jesus: "For most people, it was simply impossible in those days to have any concept of universal realities..." and so forth. This pseudo-spiritual nonsense clears up on p. 125, when an attack on orthodox Christianity begins. "If ever orthodox Christians succeed in breaking out of their mental limitations .... Narrow-minded Christians ..." after getting this out of his system, he concludes: "What, however, if unbiased investigations were to show them that the teachings of Jesus Christ were much broader and more profound than anything Christians themselves ever imagined: that it was simply their own understanding that was limited?" Well, duh! We're on page 125, and Swami has given us nothing but vagueness, unsubstantiated assertions, and weasel words from a post-modernist perspective. Why not put some content into the book. Remember, Swami, you are the one trying to convince Christians that everything they've ever known is wrong. So why not do it? Why did you waste our time writing a book about Christianity when you can't be bothered to lift a finger to learn even the basics, and instead spend page after page saying nothing other than personal experience and weasel-word assertions? And, on page 125, I stopped. What more can be said in a review? When I started, I was hoping to engage in ideas, not critique method. One more thing can be said: For King James Bible fanatics, a dogma of their belief in the KJV is that the textual stream of bad, Alexandrian texts was corrupted and these corrupt translations are the basis of modern Bibles, while the KJV uses the good, Antioch textual stream and is trustworthy. This comes from Benjamin Wilkinson, a Seventh-Day Adventist, and was smuggled into fundamentalist Christianity by reprinting Wilkinson's book (most notably in "Which Bible?" in the early 1970s) without telling anyone he was a cultist. So if a Swami from Kriya Yoga talks about textual corruption, KJV fanatics ought to listen. In Chapter 23, "The Missing Years", Swami asserts that the text of the Bible was corrupted by the church. Since these missing years are not present in any known manuscripts, this means even the texts underlying the King James Bible have been tampered with. "Clearly then, to start with, those eighteen years must have been deliberately omitted from the official account of Christ's life." (p. 414) This was done at one of the early councils of the church, but, in Swami's exact words: "I forget which one it was." (direct quotation from page 415!) But the charge that "the account of those eighteen years was removed forthwith from the Bible" is serious enough that this demands the same scrutiny that the SDA material received. Swami states: "I know that there are records in India which support the claim that Jesus lived in that country for several years" but, characteristically, he does not say what they are. He mentions a book by name, and it is probably the only citation in the entire book, by Russian author Nicholas Notovich in 1887 called "The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ" which is supposed to have details. (I had never heard about this before, but about ten seconds into a web search showed this was a hoax. Oriental scholar Max Mueller, a very trustworthy translator, tried to get the same manuscripts Notovich claimed to have access to, from the same monastery in India, and could not. Swami claims some other person tried to go to the same monastery about forty years later "in order to verify the account by Notovich, and actually succeeded in doing so" which seems unlikely if a trusted scholar such as Mueller could not almost immediately after these claims were made. Naturally, the Swami includes no verifiable details.) My conclusion is that Christians need to be exposed to this sort of book. The thinking is shallow: I was surprised that I found myself reviewing the method, which reads like a junior high essay, rather than the content (which is almost nonexistent). The appeal to authority (P.Y. is never critically questioned as a source, and anything he says is taken as true, while the Bible is ripped to shreds as unreliable and distorted) shows the importance of SOLA SCRIPTURA. Many Christian offshoots like Pentecostalism and pseudo-Christian beliefs like the Word of Faith movement allow for new revelation. Swami has created a rather extreme interpretation of the true essence of Christianity, which may be rejected by some who are more orthodox, but by what measure is his interpretation to be rejected, and by what measure are other "words from the Lord" to be accepted? (And, for that matter, by what measure is the Roman Catholic Church's additions to Christianity to be accepted or rejected?) Without the foundational Reformation doctrine of sola scriptura, the scriptures alone, there is no way to make any such distinctions. Only when the word of God is the final and only standard can any single, true definition of the Christian faith be established. Otherwise, anything goes. How can a Pope, a Pentecostal Apostle with a "word of knowledge", or Paramahansa Yogananda claiming to be sent by Jesus and Babaji to recover original Christianity, be judged? Without the Bible as the sole standard, there is nothing by which to evaluate the claims of these various people. The value and importance of the Reformed, Protestant gospel can't be underestimated or undervalued. Compared to this book, the simple message that Christ died for sinners, backed up by the reliable authority of the Bible and many centuries of careful and well-documented guarding against error, from the early church councils and creeds to the more recent Reformation, shows Christianity has been tested and proven to be God's truth. Swami Kriyanada presents a shallow, unsatisfying alternative. All the more reason to get out the gospel: If people have only heard the post-modern unclear thought that passes as religion these days, the gospel will ring all the more true to them when they finally hear it.